Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha pathway activation

Figure 5 Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment influence on hepatic gene expression in mice with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. A: Heatmap presenting the clustered differentially expressed genes; B: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis; C-E: Validation of Pparα, Pparγ, Pparδ, Hmgcs2, Cpt1a, Acox1, Fxr, Fgf21, and Srebp1c through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (n = 5); F and G: Representative western blot images (F) and quantitative analysis (G) of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a, acyl-CoA oxidase 1, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 in liver tissue (n = 6); H: Serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations (n = 6). One-way analysis of variance was employed, and the data are presented as mean ± SEM. ^aP < 0.05 vs normal diet group. ^bP < 0.01 vs normal diet group. ^cP < 0.05 vs high-fat diet group. ^dP < 0.01 vs high-fat diet group. ^eP < 0.001 vs high-fat diet group. ND: Normal diet; HFD: High-fat diet; H-LXO: High-dose Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; ECM: Extracellular matrix; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; L-LXO: Low-dose Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment; BHB: Β-hydroxybutyrate; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Acox1: Acyl-CoA oxidase 1; CPT1A: Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a; HMGCS2: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2.