Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha pathway activation

Figure 3 Prediction of key targets, mechanistic pathways impacted, and bioactive components of Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment relevant to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease treatment. A: Venn diagram of Lianhe Xiaozhi ointment (LXO) targets key to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) treatment; B: Protein-protein interaction network diagram of intersecting targets (top 50); C: Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis; D: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis; E: “Herb-ingredient-disease-pathway-target” network. The pink symbol denotes the five herb constituents of LXO; turquoise indicates bioactive components; green labels indicate molecular targets of LXO in MASLD; yellow highlights the top 20 enriched pathways; orange represents disease. BP: Biological process; CC: Cellular component; MF: Molecular function; HIF: Hypoxia inducible factor; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; CR: Coptidis Rhizoma; LL: Lotus leaf; PT: Pericarpium trichosanthis; IBO: Immature bitter orange; TP: Tangerine peel.