Lactate metabolism-driven tumor heterogeneity and molecular signatures in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Figure 5 Identification of lactate metabolism-associated gene co-expression modules in malignant intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells. A: Determination of soft-thresholding power (β = 14) achieving scale-free topology fit ≥ 0.8; B: Gene dendrogram and module color assignment by high-dimensional weighted gene co-expression network analysis; C: Module eigengene correlations and top hub genes per module; D: Uniform manifold approximation and projection visualization of module-specific gene expression across malignant cells; E: Module-trait relationship plot showing relative enrichment of modules across lactate metabolism activity subgroups. hdWGCNA: High-dimensional weighted gene co-expression network analysis; kME: Eigengene connectivity; LLM: Low-lactate metabolism; ILM: Intermediate-lactate metabolism; HLM: High-lactate metabolism.