Twenty-year temporal trends, risk profiles, and prognostic value of clinicopathological features in gallbladder cancer following cholecystectomy

Table 3 Temporal changes in histopathologic features of gallbladder cancer patients (n = 285), n (%)

Pathological features	Years				P value
	2004-2008 (n = 38)	2009-2013 (n = 63)	2014-2018 (n = 75)	2019-2023 (n = 109)
Preinvasive neoplasm					0.472
ICPN	11 (28.95)	20 (32.26)	26 (35.14)	27 (24.77)
BilIN or adenoma	27 (71.05)	42 (67.74)	48 (64.86)	82 (75.23)
Histologic cell differentiation					0.038
Pancreaticobiliary	31 (81.58)	57 (91.94)	55 (74.32)	82 (75.23)
Intestinal	7 (18.42)	5 (8.06)	19 (25.68)	27 (24.77)
Non-neoplastic change (hyperplasia or metaplasia)	26 (68.42)	51 (82.26)	66 (89.19)	89 (81.65)	0.062
Liver involvement	4 (10.53)	9 (14.29)	5 (6.76)	15 (13.76)	0.445
Poorly cohesive component (including signet ring cells)	9 (23.68)	17 (27.42)	27 (36.49)	27 (24.77)	0.316
Undifferentiated component (including squamous or sarcomatous)	10 (26.32)	7 (11.29)	18 (24.32)	20 (18.35)	0.173
Depth of invasion (cm)	0.47	0.61	0.49	0.55	0.673
Tumor size (cm)	1.11	1.41	1.14	1.16	0.532
Tumor budding (buds/0.785 mm2)	4.92	3.66	5.41	3.33	0.128

ICPN: Intracholecystic papillary neoplasm; BilIN: Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia.