Predictors of one-year adverse outcomes after laparoscopic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: Development and validation of an early-warning model

Table 1 Baseline data comparison (training vs validation groups)

Variable	Training group (n = 277)	Validation group (n = 144)	External validation group (n = 138)	Statistical values	P value
Sex
Male	182	96	91	0.040	0.980
Female	95	48	47
History of smoking
Yes	136	78	67	1.190	0.552
No	141	66	71
History of alcohol consumption
Yes	130	65	62	0.204	0.903
No	147	79	76
History of hypertension
Yes	89	54	47	1.218	0.544
No	188	90	91
History of diabetes
Yes	33	16	16	0.060	0.971
No	244	128	122
Hepatitis B
Yes	193	106	89	2.778	0.249
No	84	38	49
Child-Pugh classification
A	170	92	85	0.273	0.872
B	107	52	53
Tumor diameter
≥ 5 cm	120	55	54	1.285	0.526
< 5 cm	157	89	84
Tumor number
Single	221	111	112	0.759	0.684
Multiple	56	33	26
Degree of differentiation
Poorly differentiated	36	20	20	0.190	0.909
Moderately or well differentiated	241	124	118
Vascular invasion
Yes	66	30	35	0.853	0.653
No	211	114	103
Hepatic vein infiltration
Yes	18	11	8	0.400	0.819
No	259	133	130
Portal vein infiltration
Yes	37	20	18	0.045	0.978
No	240	124	120
Cirrhosis
Yes	165	80	79	0.664	0.717
No	112	64	59
AFP
≥ 400 μg/L	75	45	37	0.965	0.617
< 400 μg/L	202	99	101
WBC (× 109/L)	6.62 ± 1.28	6.74 ± 1.24	6.55 ± 1.33	0.844	0.431
PLT (× 109/L)	137.67 ± 24.72	138.74 ± 23.50	138.56 ± 22.91	0.119	0.888
ALB (g/L)	39.03 ± 7.66	39.74 ± 7.73	38.90 ± 7.83	0.520	0.595
ALT (U/L)	95.23 ± 17.37	95.34 ± 16.35	92.87 ± 17.04	1.037	0.355
AST (U/L)	100.87 ± 18.07	100.05 ± 17.43	100.62 ± 17.58	0.100	0.905
TBIL (μmol/L)	19.42 (16.69, 21.34)	19.41 (16.59, 22.29)	19.16 (15.97, 21.18)	0.873	0.646

WBC: White blood cell; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; PLT: Platelet count; ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin.