Effects and mechanism of Bifidobacterium on intestinal inflammation resulting from deoxycholic acid-induced M1 polarization of macrophages

Figure 4 Fecal deoxycholic acid levels in mice and inflammatory factor expression in colonic tissue. A: Fecal deoxycholic acid content of mice in each group; B-D: Expression levels of interleukin-1β, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-4 in mouse colonic tissue. n = 6. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, and ^cP < 0.001. DCA: Deoxycholic acid; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL: Interleukin; H-V-D-S: High-fat diet with vancomycin, deoxycholic acid, and Bifidobacterium; H-V-D: High-fat diet with vancomycin and deoxycholic acid; H-V-S: High-fat diet with vancomycin and Bifidobacterium; H-V: High-fat diet with vancomycin; H-S: High-fat diet supplemented with Bifidobacterium; H: High-fat diet; N: General.