Deep learning techniques for using computed tomography imaging for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis, treatment and prognosis

Table 1 Characteristics of deep learning networks for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma from computed tomography images, mean ± SD

Ref.	Method	Base network	Type of CT	Train set	Test set	Validation set	ACC	Sen	Spe	AUC	DICE
Wang et al[21]	HCCNet and NoduleNet	ResNet	NCCT/CECT	7512	385/556		0.81/0.81	0.78/0.89	0.84/0.74	0.89/0.88
Ling et al[22]	3D ResNet	ResNet	CECT	480 or 481	120 or 121		0.92 (0.87, 0.96)	0.95 (0.90, 1)	0.88 (0.82, 0.91)	0.96 (0.93, 0.98)
Guo et al[23]	ALARM	3D ResNet50 and nnUNet	CECT	924		231/703		0.92/0.94	0.89/0.93	0.90/0.92
Kim et al[24]	MASK R-NN	ResNet101 and UNet and FPN and RPN	CECT	568	589			0.85			0.96
Shan et al[25]	3D ResUNet	ResUNet	CECT								0.88
Zossou et al[26]	RA-UNet	UNet	CT	4536 slices	315 slices	1134 slices	0.94	0.94			0.88
Chen et al[27]	SED	UNet and DenseUNet	CT	4000 slices	300 slices	800 slices	0.99			0.95	0.75
Gao et al[28]	STIC	CNN and gated RNN	CECT	499	113/111		0.93 ± 0.04	0.93 ± 0.10	0.94 ± 0.04	0.99 ± 0.01
Rocha et al[29]	CNN	CNN	CECT	317	79		0.95	0.92 ± 0.01		0.99 ± 0.00
Khan et al[30]	Multi-modal deep neural network	AlexNet	CECT	248	75	75	0.96	> 0.94	> 0.98	0.83
Balagourouchetty et al[31]	FCNet	GoogleNet	CECT	444	190		0.97			0.995

CT: Computed tomography; AUC: Area under curve; ACC: Accuracy; Sen: Sensitivity; Spe: Specificity; DICE: Dice coefficient; ResNet: Residual network; 3D: Three-dimensional; ALARM: Alarm; MASK R-NN: Mask region-based convolutional neural network; ResUNet: Residual U shaped network; RA-UNet: Residual attention U shaped network; SED: Successive encoder-decoder; CNN: Convolutional neural network; FCNet: Fully connected neural network; RNN: Recurrent neural network; UNet: U shaped network; FPN: Feature pyramid network; RPN: Region proposal network; nnUNet: Neural network U shaped network; NCCT: Non-contrast computed tomography; CECT: Contrast enhanced computed tomography; STIC: Spatial extractor temporal encoder integration classifier.