Clinical efficacy and mechanisms of Astragalus membranaceus, active components, and herbal formulas for chronic atrophic gastritis

Table 2 Mechanisms of action of Astragalus compound formulas in the treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis

Ref.	Research contents	Experimental model	Mechanism of action
Zhang et al[52]	Therapeutic efficacy of Astragalus membranaceus in CAG rats: Insights from Huangqi Jianzhong Decoction	CAG rat model (cecal contents analysis)	Astragalus membranaceus treats CAG by regulating gut microbiota
Xia et al[53]	Mechanisms of action of modified Huangqi Guizhi Decoction in the treatment of CAG	CAG rat model	Mitigation of gastric mucosal injury and inflammation and restoration of epithelial cell structure
Liu et al[54]	Therapeutic efficacy of Huangqi Jianzhong decoction in established CAG rats	Rat model of CAG	Inhibition of inflammation, and amelioration of immunity and oxidative stress
Yu et al[55]	Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Huangqi Jianzhong Decoction on H. pylori infection-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats	H. pylori infection-induced rat model	Inhibition of inflammatory response and amelioration of H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal injury
Huang et al[56]	Potential mechanisms of Qiling Formula in intervening in CAG with intestinal metaplasia	Rat model of CAG with intestinal metaplasia	Inhibition of pro-inflammatory factor release and gastric mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis, and delay of the inflammation-to-cancer transformation

CAG: Chronic atrophic gastritis; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.