Real-world predictive model for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hepatitis using baseline cytotoxic T-lymphocyte counts

doi:10.3748/wjg.121501

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Dec 21, 2026; 32(47): 121501
Published online Dec 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.121501

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the training and validation cohorts, n (%)/median interquartile ranges (P25, P75)

Variables	Training cohort (n = 380)	Validation cohort (n = 164)	P value
Gender			0.163
Female	94 (24.74)	50 (30.49)
Male	286 (75.26)	114 (69.51)
Primary cancer type			0.762
Malignant melanoma	6 (1.58)	3 (1.83)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	18 (4.74)	7 (4.27)
Lung cancer	201 (52.89)	96 (58.54)
Cholangiocarcinoma	13 (3.42)	6 (3.66)
Lymphoma	19 (5.00)	8 (4.88)
Head and neck cancer	20 (5.26)	9 (5.49)
Gastrointestinal cancer	63 (16.58)	27 (16.46)
Urologic cancer	6 (1.58)	1 (0.61)
Other types of tumors	34 (8.95)	7 (4.27)
Age (years)	58.00 (51.00, 65.00)	59.00 (53.00, 67.00)	0.141
WBC (10⁹/L)	5.80 (4.60, 7.80)	5.85 (4.50, 7.93)	1.000
HB (g/L)	121.00 (106.00, 132.00)	119.00 (108.00, 130.00)	0.655
PLT (10⁹/L)	214.50 (163.75, 282.25)	207.50 (163.00, 276.00)	0.770
N (10⁹/L)	3.70 (2.80, 5.50)	3.85 (2.77, 5.32)	0.977
LYM (10⁹/L)	1.20 (0.90, 1.60)	1.20 (0.80, 1.60)	0.821
MONO (10⁹/L)	0.60 (0.40, 0.80)	0.50 (0.40, 0.80)	0.807
ALB (g/L)	39.20 (36.08, 42.42)	39.50 (36.30, 41.60)	0.738
GLB (g/L)	30.20 (26.78, 33.35)	28.60 (25.90, 33.80)	0.094
TBIL (μmol/L)	8.70 (6.38, 11.90)	8.00 (5.77, 10.72)	0.040
DBIL (μmol/L)	3.10 (2.20, 4.53)	2.80 (1.90, 4.03)	0.019
TBA (μmol/L)	4.35 (2.50, 7.62)	4.50 (2.70, 7.03)	0.512
ALT (U/L)	22.00 (15.00, 31.68)	22.30 (15.12, 31.42)	0.977
AST (U/L)	22.95 (18.90, 32.02)	24.90 (19.67, 32.38)	0.486
AKP (U/L)	93.10 (77.45, 125.30)	89.95 (70.60, 134.33)	0.322
GGT (U/L)	40.90 (25.50, 84.60)	34.30 (23.20, 75.95)	0.212
CRP (mg/dL)	9.78 (3.01, 26.03)	9.63 (2.95, 44.00)	0.668
C4 (mg/L)	251.00 (207.00, 310.00)	265.00 (211.00, 318.50)	0.692
C3 (mg/L)	985.00 (848.00, 1170.00)	1035.00 (859.25, 1122.50)	0.978
IgG (g/L)	13.10 (11.20, 16.00)	12.45 (10.06, 14.53)	0.082
IgA (mg/L)	2580.00 (1730.00, 3265.00)	2455.00 (1785.00, 3140.00)	0.585
IgM (mg/L)	985.00 (694.75, 1300.00)	922.50 (641.25, 1225.00)	0.267
CD3+ CD4+ T cells (cells/μL)	484.00 (341.00, 655.75)	443.00 (295.25, 553.00)	0.043
CD3+ CD8+ T cells (cells/μL)	313.50 (218.75, 483.75)	362.00 (239.75, 508.00)	0.361
Th/Ts (CD3+ CD4+/CD3+ CD8+)	1.48 (1.03, 2.00)	1.25 (0.91, 1.66)	0.052

The training and validation cohorts were generally comparable, with no significant differences in baseline characteristics (P > 0.05 for most variables). WBC: White blood cells; HB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet; N: Neutrophil; LYM: Lymphocyte; MONO: Monocyte; ALB: Albumin; GLB: Globulin; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; TBA: Total bile acid; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; AKP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; CRP: C-reactive protein; C4: Complement 4; C3: Complement 3; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; IgM: Immunoglobulin M; Th/Ts: T helper cell/T suppressor cell (cluster of differentiation 3+ cluster of differentiation 4+/cluster of differentiation 3+ cluster of differentiation 8+); CD: Cluster of differentiation.

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Citation: Peng WT, Yang FL, Peng SF, Fu L. Real-world predictive model for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hepatitis using baseline cytotoxic T-lymphocyte counts. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(47): 121501
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i47/121501.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.121501

Peng WT, Yang FL, Peng SF, Fu L. Real-world predictive model for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hepatitis using baseline cytotoxic T-lymphocyte counts. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(47): 121501 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.121501]

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