Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Gastroenterol. Dec 21, 2026; 32(47): 121435
Published online Dec 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.121435
Published online Dec 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.121435
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in all datasets, mean ± SD/n (%)
| Training set (n = 228) | Internal testing set (n = 57) | Temporally independent validation set (n = 74) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 51.5 ± 12.8 | 55.9 ± 15.0 | 55.2 ± 9.7 | 0.016 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 148 (64.9) | 31 (54.4) | 42 (56.8) | 0.218 |
| Female | 80 (35.1) | 26 (45.6) | 32 (43.2) | |
| Etiology | ||||
| Hepatitis B | 113 (49.6) | 18 (31.6) | 39 (52.7) | 0.152 |
| Alcoholic | 24 (10.5) | 8 (14.0) | 11(14.9) | |
| Hepatitis C | 8 (3.5) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (2.7) | |
| Autoimmune | 42 (18.4) | 15 (26.3) | 15 (20.3) | |
| Others | 41 (18.0) | 15 (26.3) | 7 (9.4) | |
| Child-Pugh class | ||||
| Class A | 96 (42.1) | 22 (38.6) | 23 (31.1) | 0.325 |
| Class B | 101 (44.3) | 26 (45.6) | 43 (58.1) | |
| Class C | 31 (13.6) | 9 (15.8) | 8 (10.8) | |
| HVPG (mmHg) | 17.9 ± 7.3 | 16.6 ± 10.3 | 15.9 ± 6.1 | 0.064 |
| HVPG ≤ 5 mmHg | 13 (5.7) | 3 (5.3) | 5 (6.8) | |
| 5 mmHg < HVPG < 10 mmHg | 15 (6.6) | 4 (7.0) | 6 (8.1) | |
| 10 mmHg ≤ HVPG < 12 mmHg | 10 (4.4) | 3 (5.3) | 3 (4.1) | |
| 12 mmHg ≤ HVPG < 16 mmHg | 33 (14.5) | 8 (14.0) | 10 (13.5) | |
| 16 mmHg ≤ HVPG < 20 mmHg | 50 (21.9) | 14 (24.6) | 15 (20.2) | |
| HVPG ≥ 20 mmHg | 107 (46.9) | 25 (43.8) | 35 (47.3) | |
| Ascites | ||||
| Yes | 112 (49.1) | 28 (49.1) | 45 (60.8) | 0.201 |
| No | 116 (50.9) | 29 (50.9) | 29 (39.2) | |
| EGVB | ||||
| Yes | 199 (87.3) | 38 (66.7) | 62 (83.8) | < 0.001 |
| No | 29 (12.7) | 19 (33.3) | 12 (16.2) | |
| Endoscopy therapy | ||||
| No | 77 (33.8) | 29 (50.9) | 33 (44.6) | 0.109 |
| 1-2 sessions | 115 (50.4) | 21 (36.8) | 32 (43.2) | |
| 3 and more sessions | 36 (15.8) | 7 (12.3) | 9 (12.2) | |
| Liver stiffness (kPa) | 17.8 ± 9.0 | 15.2 ± 7.5 | 18.5 ± 7.3 | 0.186 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| Platelet (109/L) | 71 ± 45.3 | 88 ± 62.6 | 70 ± 34.8 | 0.030 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 27.9 ± 30.6 | 36.9 ± 47.5 | 27.4 ± 25.8 | 0.157 |
| ALT (U/L) | 37 ± 47.3 | 29 ± 27.7 | 35 ± 41.4 | 0.402 |
| AST (U/L) | 49 ± 52.2 | 39 ± 37.3 | 49 ± 49.5 | 0.396 |
| ALP (U/L), median (IQR) | 84 (56.8) | 84 (87.0) | 89 (60.5) | 0.604 |
| γ-GGT (U/L), median (IQR) | 39 (59.8) | 31 (65.0) | 46 (85.5) | 0.440 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 35.1 ± 6.2 | 35.7 ± 7.4 | 32.4 ± 5.1 | 0.002 |
| Globulin (g/L) | 28.5 ± 7.7 | 28.0 ± 7.3 | 30.6 ± 8.2 | 0.087 |
| PT (seconds) | 14.7 ± 2.4 | 14.0 ± 2.5 | 15.3 ± 2.9 | 0.018 |
| INR | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.080 |
| Blood ammonia (μmol/L) | 69.4 ± 36.7 | 58.8 ± 32.2 | 65.7 ± 36.9 | 0.220 |
- Citation: Guo X, Tong H, Cai WQ, He JY, Han TR, Qian SJ, Quan X, Li Y, Wei B, Wang ZD, Tai Y, Guo DQ, Wu H. Computed tomography-based transformer model for non-invasive prediction of portal venous pressure in chronic liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(47): 121435
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i47/121435.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.121435