Radiomics and deep learning predict neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy response in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

doi:10.3748/wjg.124166

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Dec 14, 2026; 32(46): 124166
Published online Dec 14, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.124166

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients

Characteristics	Overall			Training cohort			Test cohort			Validation cohort			P value
Characteristics	Non-responder	Responder	P value	Non-responder	Responder	P value	Non-responder	Responder	P value	Non-responder	Responder	P value	P value
Number	94	94		58	49		22	25		14	20		0.367
Age	61 (57, 66)	63 (57.25, 69)	0.165	61 (57, 66)	64 (57, 69)	0.294	59 (55, 66.5)	61 (58.5, 68.5)	0.352	64 (59, 68)	66.5 (60.75, 69)	0.958	0.153
Gender			0.266			1.000			1.000			0.126	0.083
Male	89 (94.7)	85 (90.4)		56 (96.6)	47 (95.9)		19 (86.4)	22 (88)		14 (100)	16 (80)
Female	5 (5.3)	9 (9.6)		2 (3.4)	2 (4.1)		3 (13.6)	3 (12)		0 (0)	4 (20)
Smoking			< 0.001^b			0.003^b			0.058			0.011^a	0.623
Former or current	82 (87.2)	56 (59.6)		50 (86.2)	30 (61.2)		18 (81.8)	14 (56)		14 (100)	12 (60)
Never	12 (12.8)	38 (40.4)		8 (13.8)	19 (38.8)		4 (18.2)	11 (44)		0 (0)	8 (40)
Alcohol			< 0.001^b			0.012^a			0.004^b			0.422	0.961
Former or current	82 (87.2)	60 (63.8)		49 (84.5)	31 (63.3)		21 (95.5)	15 (60)		12 (85.7)	14 (70)
Never	12 (12.8)	34 (36.2)		9 (15.5)	18 (36.7)		1 (4.5)	10 (40)		2 (14.3)	6 (30)
cT stage			0.012^a			0.007^b			0.303			0.781	0.685
T2	1 (1.1)	2 (2.1)		0 (0)	1 (2)		0 (0)	1 (4)		1 (7.1)	0 (0)
T3	63 (67)	79 (84)		37 (63.8)	42 (85.7)		15 (68.2)	20 (80)		11 (78.6)	17 (85)
T4	30 (31.9)	13 (13.8)		21 (36.2)	6 (12.2)		7 (31.8)	4 (16)		2 (14.3)	3 (15)
cN stage			0.285			0.261			0.391			0.126	0.298
N0	31 (33)	27 (28.7)		16 (27.6)	15 (30.6)		9 (40.9)	10 (40)		6 (42.9)	2 (10)
N1	42 (44.7)	34 (36.2)		28 (48.3)	15 (30.6)		10 (45.5)	7 (28)		4 (28.6)	12 (60)
N2	17 (18.1)	27 (28.7)		12 (20.7)	16 (32.7)		3 (13.6)	7 (28)		2 (14.3)	4 (20)
N3	4 (4.3)	6 (6.4)		2 (3.4)	3 (6.1)		0 (0)	1 (4)		2 (14.3)	2 (10)
cTNM stage			0.100			0.057			0.202			0.427	0.865
II	21 (22.3)	27 (28.7)		12 (20.7)	14 (28.6)		3 (13.6)	9 (36)		6 (42.9)	4 (20)
III	41 (43.6)	48 (51.1)		23 (39.7)	26 (53.1)		12 (54.5)	11 (44)		6 (42.9)	11 (55)
IV	32 (34)	19 (20.2)		23 (39.7)	9 (18.4)		7 (31.8)	5 (20)		2 (14.3)	5 (25)
Tumor location			0.807			0.416			0.993			0.797	0.714
Upper	19 (20.2)	17 (18.1)		12 (20.7)	7 (14.3)		5 (22.7)	6 (24)		2 (14.3)	4 (20)
Middle	48 (51.1)	46 (48.9)		30 (51.7)	23 (46.9)		10 (45.5)	11 (44)		8 (57.1)	12 (60)
Lower	27 (28.7)	31 (33)		16 (27.6)	19 (38.8)		7 (31.8)	8 (32)		4 (28.6)	4 (20)
Tumor length (cm)	8.5 (6, 12)	9 (6.5, 13.5)	0.779	9.4(5.5, 12.375)	10 (6.5, 13.5)	0.341	8 (5.125, 12)	7 (5.5, 13)	0.898	8.5 (8, 9.625)	7.75 (7, 10)	0.370	0.287
Tumor diameter (mm)	36 (30, 41)	38 (34, 44)	0.069	36.5 (30, 41)	37 (34, 44)	0.231	36 (30.5, 44.25)	36 (31, 44)	0.522	36 (31, 39.5)	39 (34, 40)	0.211	0.796
Cycles	2.5 (2, 4)	2 (2, 3)	0.756	3 (2, 4)	3 (2, 3)	0.699	3 (2, 3.75)	2 (2, 3)	0.322	2 (2, 3)	2 (2, 3)	1.000	0.111
Ki-67	60 (40, 70)	35 (10, 60)	< 0.001^b	60 (50, 70)	40 (30, 70)	0.003^b	50 (40, 60)	30 (10, 32.5)	< 0.001^b	30 (25, 50)	60 (10, 70)	0.311	0.121

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

Data were showed as median (IQR) or n (%).

Full Size Table

Citation: Zhao BX, Zhang M, Fu WQ, Li XY, Han ML, Zhang J, Gao W, Guo TH, Li HY, Ai SW, Wang HJ, Zhang BY, Wang Q. Radiomics and deep learning predict neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy response in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(46): 124166
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i46/124166.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.124166

Zhao BX, Zhang M, Fu WQ, Li XY, Han ML, Zhang J, Gao W, Guo TH, Li HY, Ai SW, Wang HJ, Zhang BY, Wang Q. Radiomics and deep learning predict neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy response in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(46): 124166 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.124166]

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