Trans-3-indoleacrylic acid ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by modulating macrophage M1 polarization through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway

Figure 7 Trans-3-indoleacrylic acid attenuates the dextran sulfate sodium-induced disruption of the gut microbiota. A-C: Alpha diversity indices of the gut microbiota, including Chao1, Shannon, and observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs); D: Principal coordinate analysis plot based on Bray-Curtis distance; E: Venn diagram illustrating the shared and unique OTUs; F and K: Taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota at the phylum and genus levels; G-I: Relative abundance of specific phyla: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteriota; J: Ratio of relative abundance of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota; L-P: Relative abundance of specific genera: Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, and Parasutterella; Q: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size analysis identifying biomarker taxa (LDA score > 4.0). The data are shown as the mean ± SD (n = 6 mice per group). Group comparisons were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test. In D, the P value was determined by PERMANOVA. ^aP < 0.01. DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; IDA: Trans-3-indoleacrylic acid; F/B: Firmicutes/Bacteroidota; N.D.: Not detected; LDA: Linear discriminant analysis; PCoA: Principal coordinate analysis.