Impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on bowel preparation quality for colonoscopy in type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Characteristics of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor users before and after matching, mean ± SD/n (%)

	Before matching (n = 589)					After matching (n = 341)
	Total (n = 589)	GLP-1RA (n = 153)	DPP-4i (n = 436)	ASMD	P value	Total (n = 341)	GLP-1RA (n = 133)	DPP-4i (n = 208)	ASMD	P value
Age (years)	64.4 ± 9.3	60.7 ± 10.0	65.6 ± 8.7	0.524	< 0.001	62.7 ± 9.1	61.5 ± 9.5	63.5 ± 8.8	0.227	0.434
Sex (male)	382 (64.9)	103 (67.3)	279 (64.0)	0.070	0.520	220 (64.5)	89 (66.9)	131 (63.0)	0.083	0.749
BMI (kg/m2)	25.3 ± 3.8	26.4 ± 3.9	24.9 ± 3.6	0.390	< 0.001	25.6 ± 3.7	26.1 ± 3.4	25.3 ± 3.9	0.214	0.597
HbA1c (%)	7.0 ± 1.1	7.3 ± 0.9	6.9 ± 1.1	0.390	< 0.001	7.2 ± 1.0	7.3 ± 0.9	7.1 ± 1.0	0.208	0.965
HbA1c ≥ 7% (%)	250 (42.4)	96 (62.7)	154 (35.3)	0.570	< 0.001	188 (55.1)	82 (61.7)	106 (51.0)	0.217	1.000
Insulin use	124 (21.1)	58 (37.9)	66 (15.1)	0.534	< 0.001	99 (29.0)	48 (36.1)	51 (24.5)	0.254	0.609
Metformin use	478 (81.2)	150 (98.0)	328 (75.2)	0.711	< 0.001	329 (96.5)	130 (97.7)	199 (95.7)	0.116	0.768
Bowel preparation
PEG solutions	583 (99.0)	151 (98.7)	432 (99.1)	0.037	0.653	337 (98.8)	131 (98.5)	206 (99.0)	0.049	0.700
Non-PEG solutions	6 (1.0)	2 (1.3)	4 (0.9)			4 (1.2)	2 (1.5)	2 (1.0)
DM duration	14.5 ± 8.9	16.8 ± 8.4	13.7 ± 9.0	0.352	< 0.001	16.3 ± 9.0	16.5 ± 8.3	16.2 ± 9.4	0.041	0.587
DM complication	219 (37.2)	71 (46.4)	148 (33.9)	0.256	0.008	135 (39.6)	59 (44.4)	76 (36.5)	0.160	0.778
Hypertension	387 (65.7)	100 (65.4)	287 (65.8)	0.010	0.996	218 (63.9)	85 (63.9)	133 (63.9)	0.001	0.768
Chronic kidney disease	130 (22.1)	16 (10.5)	114 (26.1)	0.414	< 0.001	47 (13.8)	15 (11.3)	32 (15.4)	0.121	0.888
Cardiovascular disease	90 (15.3)	18 (11.8)	72 (16.5)	0.137	0.203	50 (14.7)	16 (12.0)	34 (16.3)	0.124	0.218
Cerebrovascular accident	127 (21.6)	34 (22.2)	93 (21.3)	0.022	0.907	70 (20.5)	31 (23.3)	39 (18.8)	0.112	0.269
GI modulator
Increasing motility1	51 (8.7)	16 (10.5)	35 (8.0)	0.084	0.452	27 (7.9)	14 (10.5)	13 (6.3)	0.155	0.124
Decreasing motility2	17 (2.9)	2 (1.3)	15 (3.4)	0.140	0.262	7 (2.1)	1 (0.8)	6 (2.9)	0.160	0.340

¹Gastrointestinal modulators increasing motility included prokinetic agents, and laxative agents.

²Gastrointestinal modulators decreasing motility included tricyclic antidepressants, opioids, anticholinergic agents and antidiarrheal agents.

BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; PEG: Polyethylene glycol; DM: Diabetes mellitus; GI: Gastrointestinal; ASMD: Absolute standardized mean difference; DPP-4i: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist.