Long-term lymphoma risk in thiopurine-treated inflammatory bowel disease: A 15-year propensity-matched cohort study

Table 5 Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model for patients with inflammatory bowel disease taking thiopurines and patients with inflammatory bowel disease taking 5-aminosalicylic acid and not taking thiopurines or biologics assessing predictors for lymphoma

Covariate	Hazard ratio (95%CI)	P value
Male	1.59 (1.33-1.90)	< 0.0001
Age at index
≥ 50 years	1.90 (0.99-3.62)	0.0527
18-50 years	5.59 (2.94-10.63)	< 0.0001
Race
Asian	1.88 (0.99-3.57)	0.0558
Black or African American	1.13 (0.67-1.94)	0.6445
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	1.52 (0.20-11.31)	0.6840
White	1.21 (0.78-1.89)	0.3998
Other race	2.00 (1.00-4.01)	0.0502
Ethnicity
Hispanic or Latino	0.75 (0.39-1.43)	0.3772
Not Hispanic or Latino	1.31 (1.02-1.68)	0.0330
Comorbidities
Essential hypertension	1.19 (0.94-1.50)	0.1445
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	0.97 (0.72-1.30)	0.8143
Hyperlipidemia	0.95 (0.73-1.23)	0.6989
Tobacco use	0.82 (0.35-1.90)	0.6395
Alcohol use disorders	1.26 (0.66-2.38)	0.4868
Nicotine dependence	0.95 (0.65-1.40)	0.8014
Laboratory values
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
≥ 200	1.09 (0.64-1.85)	0.7540
Cholesterol in LDL (mg/dL)
≥ 150	1.08 (0.58-2.03)	0.8031
Cholesterol in HDL (mg/dL)
≥ 50	0.98 (0.72-1.34)	0.9204
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)
> 6.50	1.95 (1.36-2.78)	0.0003

Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals from a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model evaluating demographic factors, race/ethnicity, and comorbidities associated with lymphoma outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease taking thiopurines and patients with inflammatory bowel disease taking 5-aminosalicylic acid and not taking thiopurines or biologics. Covariables include age, sex, race/ethnicity categories, cardiometabolic conditions, and substance use. A hazard ratio > 1 indicates increased risk while a hazard ratio < 1 indicates reduced risk. All variables were included in the fully adjusted model. Hazard ratios for categorical variables reflect comparisons against an implicit reference group as defined by TriNetX variable encoding. CI: Confidence interval; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein.