Clonorchis sinensis co-infection potentiates polymorphonuclear-myeloid-derived suppressor cells expansion and metabolic reprogramming in chronic hepatitis B patients

Figure 5 Comparison of serum metabolites in the arginine-ornithine and kynurenine-tryptophan pathways among the four groups. A: Ornithine; B: Arginine; C: Ornithine-to-arginine ratio; D: Kynurenine; E: Tryptophan; F: Kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio. Horizontal bars indicate medians. The co-infected group exhibited a markedly elevated ornithine/arginine ratio compared with the hepatitis B virus group (3.46 vs 0.92, P < 0.001; Kruskal-Wallis H test with Dunn’s correction). Orn: Ornithine; Arg: Arginine; Kyn: Kynurenine; Trp: Tryptophan; HC: Healthy controls; C. sinensis: Clonorchis sinensis mono-infected participants; HBV: Hepatitis B virus mono-infected participants; Co-infected: Co-infected participants.