Applications of nanozymes in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies

Table 4 Applications of nanozymes in the treatment of colorectal malignancies

Nanozyme	Type pathway	Mimic activity	Function	Tumor model	Ref.
MnO2	Platelet-mimetic MnO2 nanozyme/AIEgen composite	Catalase	Relieve hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and perform photodynamic therapy	CT-26 cells and mouse models	[48]
Ru38Pd34Ni28	Ru38Pd34Ni28 ultra-thin ternary metal nanosheets	Catalase and multi-enzyme-like anti-inflammatory activity	Clear reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species; enhance photothermal conversion efficiency and antioxidant activity	CT-26 cells and mouse models	[49]
Rh-PEG NDs	Polyethylene glycol-coated ultrasmall rhodium nanodots metal nanocatalyst	Catalase	Clear reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; enhance photothermal performance	CT-26 cells and mouse models	[50]
BSA-Cu SAN	Proteins support copper single-atom nanozymes	Peroxidase	Eliminate the pathogen F. nucleatum within tumors to disrupt the pathogenic symbiosis in the tumor microenvironment	HCT116 cells and mouse models	[56]
LDH/MgO2 (BM)	Acid-hydrolyzed LDH-/MgO2-based pcCAT/pcLOX nanozymes	Catalase and lactate oxidase	Induce self-oxygenation and enhanced lactic acid consumption, as well as local immune activation and anti-angiogenesis through tumor microenvironment regulation	CT-26 cells and mouse models	[57]
Nano-Folox/Nano-FdUMP	Nanoprecipitation technology based on FOLFOX	Peroxidase	Mediates the formation of ROS and promotes immunogenic cell death-related anti-tumor immunity	CT26 and Hepa1-6 cells and mouse models	[58]
Pt-NP	ROS response to nano-prodrug (CPT-TK-Pa/Pt NP)	Peroxidase	Utilizes platinum nanozymes to catalyze the production of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide within tumors to alleviate hypoxia and enhance the efficacy of photodynamic therapy	CT-26 cells and mouse models	[65]
Ru@CeO2-RBT/ResDPEG	On-demand released dual-drug delivery system (Ru@CeO2-RBT/ResDPEG)	Peroxidase	Provide oxygen supply, deliver anti-cancer drugs, and enhance photothermal therapy	CT-26 cells and mouse models	[66]
AgNP; CatCry	Protein crystal base nanoparticles (CatCry-AgNP-DOX)	Catalase	Provide oxygen supply and facilitate the delivery of anti-cancer drugs	HCT116 cells and mouse models	[67]
BN-GDY	Non-metallic ferroptosis and apoptosis inducers based on boron and nitrogen co-doped graphdiyne (BN-GDY)	Peroxidase	Provide oxygen supply and induce ferroptosis and apoptosis	CT26 and HCT-116 cells and mouse models	[70]
N/C	Amorphous honeycomb nitrogen-doped carbon (N/C) nanozyme	NADH oxidase and catalase	Provide oxygen supply, facilitate the delivery of anti-cancer drugs, and induce cell apoptosis	HCT-116 cells and mouse models	[71]

F. nucleatum: Fusobacterium nucleatum; pcCAT: Partially cross-linked catalase; pcLOX: Partially cross-lactate oxidase.