Complete clip closure with staged triple-lumen feeding tube reduces delayed adverse events after duodenal endoscopic submucosal dissection

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients grouped by complications, mean ± SD/n (%)

Variable	Complication-free group (n = 156)	Complication group (n = 23)	t/χ2 value	P value
Age (years)	58.63 ± 11.14	57.35 ± 12.14	0.477	0.637
Gender			1.300	0.254
Male	78 (50.00)	15 (62.22)
Female	78 (50.00)	8 (34.78)
BMI (kg/m2)	24.37 ± 3.42	24.06 ± 3.31	0.417	0.680
Hypertension			0.669	0.414
Yes	36 (23.08)	3 (13.04)
No	120 (76.92)	20 (86.96)
Diabetes			0.815	0.316
Yes	21 (13.46)	1 (4.35)
No	135 (86.54)	22 (95.65)
Coronary heart disease			0.062	1.000
Yes	13 (8.33)	1 (4.35)
No	143 (91.67)	22 (95.65)
Admission year			1.063	0.184
2016-2020	18 (11.54)	5 (21.74)
2021-2025	138 (88.46)	18 (78.26)
Lesion location			0.132	0.505
Ampullary area	19 (12.18)	4 (17.39)
Non-ampullary area	137 (87.82)	19 (82.61)
Titanium clip closure status			15.452	< 0.001
Complete	110 (70.51)	6 (26.09)
Incomplete	46 (29.49)	17 (73.91)
Drainage strategy			2.190	0.139
Triple-lumen feeding tube	97 (62.18)	10 (43.48)
Nasogastric tube	59 (37.82)	13 (56.52)

Comparisons between groups for continuous variables were analyzed using the t-test; categorical variables were analyzed using the χ² test. BMI: Body mass index.