Advances on mechanisms and structural classification of Chinese herbal monomers against hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 3 Integrative network of multi-target actions of Chinese herbal monomers against hepatocellular carcinoma. It summarizes the core signaling pathways regulated by Chinese herbal monomers and their biological effects, including inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing cell death, suppressing angiogenesis and metastasis, reversing drug resistance, and remodeling tumor immune microenvironment. RAS: Rat sarcoma virus; RAF: Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; IL-6: Interleukin-6; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; INF-α: Interferon-alpha; IKK: I kappa B kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; IκB: I kappa B; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases.