Surufatinib achieves radiosensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma by suppressing GINS4 expression to induce Ca2+/cAMP signaling activation

Figure 5 GINS4 expression is correlated with Ca²⁺/cAMP signaling in surufatinib-treated cells. A: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis of GINS4 reveals significant pathways; B and C: Gene Set Enrichment Analysis highlights the impact of GINS4 on calcium signaling pathways; D and E: The Fluo-4 calcium ion detection kit was employed to measure changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration across different intervention groups, and quantitative analysis was presented in a histogram; F: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized to quantitatively analyze cAMP levels in different treatment groups for both OE-GINS4 and control (Ctrl) samples; G: Western blot analysis was performed to assess the expression of cAMP downstream-related proteins in different treatment groups for both OE-GINS4 and Ctrl samples. All data are presented as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. Ctrl: Control; GINS4 overexpression: OE-GINS4; SF: Surufatinib.