Surufatinib achieves radiosensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma by suppressing GINS4 expression to induce Ca2+/cAMP signaling activation

Figure 1 Surufatinib is associated with enhanced radiosensitivity of NOZ and TFK-1 and increased DNA damage. A: Cell viability assays were performed by Cell Counting Kit-8. Concentrations are shown in μg/mL. The anti-proliferative effect of surufatinib on NOZ and TFK-1 cells; B: Representative colony formation staining images and survival curves of NOZ and TFK-1 with different treatments. The survival curves were plotted using the multi-target single-hit model; C: Surufatinib increased the fluorescence foci of γ-H2AX in tumor cells after radiotherapy. Representative fluorescence foci images and quantitative detection of γ-H2AX foci in NOZ and TFK-1 cells following different treatments; scoring was performed blindly by two investigators; D and E: Apoptosis assessment by flow cytometry in NOZ and TFK-1 cells following different treatments. Apoptotic rates were calculated as the percentages of annexin-V FITC-positive cells. All columns indicate mean and error bars indicate SEM from three independent experiments. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. SF: Surufatinib; RT: Radiotherapy.