Intestinal epithelium impairment in cystic fibrosis: What consequences in clinical practice?

Table 1 Gut microbiota dysbiosis reported in patients with cystic fibrosis in the literature

Cystic fibrosis patients
Species level	Increase	Actinomyces odontolyticus[56]
		Anaerococcus unclassified[56]
		Citrobacter unclassified[39,56]
		Clostridium difficile[39,48,56]
		Clostridium perfringens[39,48,56]
		Enterobacter cloacae[56]
		Enterobacter unclassified[56]
		Enterococcus faecalis[39,40,56]
		Enterococcus faecium[39,40,56]
		Escherichia coli[35,37,39,40,56] more abundant in case of severe CF and in presence of F508del mutations[37]
		Faecalictena gnavus[39]
		Finegoldia magna[56]
		Fusobacterium[39,40,48,55] associated with colorectal or pancreatic cancers[48,55]
		Klebsiella pneumoniae[39,56]
		Klebsiella unclassified[39,56]
		Megasphaera micronuciformis[56]
		Pseudomonas aeruginosa[39]
		Rothia muciaginosa[56]
		Shigella[39]
		Streptococcus mitis[39,44,48,56]
		Veillonella atypica[39,40,48,55,56] associated with colorectal or pancreatic cancers[48,55]
		Veillonella dispar[39,40,48,55,56] associated with colorectal or pancreatic cancers[48,55]
		Veillonella parvula[39,40,48,55,56] associated with colorectal or pancreatic cancers[48,55]
		Veillonella unclassified[39,40,48,55,56] associated with colorectal or pancreatic cancers[48,55]
	Decrease	Agathobacter rectalis[39]
		Akkermansia[39,40]
		Bifidobacterium[39,40]
		Faecalibacterium prausnitzii[37,39,40] more reduced in case of severe CF and in presence of F508del mutations[37]
		Roseburia[39,40]
		Ruminococcus bromii[39]
		Clostridium[39,40]

CF: Cystic fibrosis.