Tumor protrusion assessment and clinical integration for enhanced mortality risk prediction in spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants (n = 89)

Variables	n (%)/median (IQR)
Age (years)	59.0 (51.7-66.1)
Sex (men/women)	73 (82)/16 (18)
Hepatitis B virus (positive/negative)	40 (45)/49 (55)
Hepatitis C virus (positive/negative)	18 (20)/71 (80)
Shock on admission (yes/no)	36 (40)/53 (60)
Time from imaging diagnosis to TAE/TACE (hours)	12.1 (5.2-72.0)
Biochemical parameters
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	9.9 (8.1-11.5)
Platelet count (× 103/μL)	167 (119-253)
Albumin (g/dL)	3.2 (2.8-3.5)
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	1.22 (0.77-2.04)
AST (U/L)	102 (58-181)
ALT (U/L)	55 (33-100)
ALP (U/L)	122 (76-196)
INR	1.27 (1.16-1.44)
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.95 (0.72-1.22)
Alpha-fetoprotein (ng/mL)	226 (22-14327)
Alpha-fetoprotein (< 200/≥ 200 ng/mL)	41 (46)/48 (54)
Imaging parameters
Tumor number (single/multiple)	27 (30)/62 (70)
Ruptured tumor size (cm)	7.8 (5.9-11.1)
Ruptured tumor location (caudate/left/right)	1 (1)/20 (23)/68 (76)
Portal vein thrombosis (present/absent)	33 (37)/56 (63)
Extrahepatic metastasis (present/absent)	13 (15)/76 (85)
Child-Pugh class (A/B/C)	47 (53)/39 (44)/3 (3)
BCLC stage (A/B/C)	8 (9)/46 (52)/35 (39)
Embolic agents
Gelatin sponge	72 (81)
Gelatin sponge + polyvinyl alcohol	2 (2)
Lipiodol and gelatin sponge	15 (17)
Protrusion assessment
Protrusion area	15.4 (7.5-31.4)
Protrusion diameter	3.0 (1.7-4.7)
Protrusion percentage	40% (26%-58%)
Clinical outcome
30-day mortality	22 (25)
Overall mortality	83 (93)
Overall survival	5.03 (3.12-6.24)

IQR: Interquartile range; TAE: Transarterial embolization; TACE: Transarterial chemoembolization; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; INR: International normalized ratio; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer.