Endoscopic ultrasound-based deep learning for predicting chemotherapy response in unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Figure 1 Flowchart of patient selection and cohort allocation. This flowchart illustrates the screening and selection process of patients with histologically confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who underwent endoscopic ultrasound between February 2016 and March 2025. Of the 4721 patients initially screened, predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, resulting in 190 eligible patients. These patients were subsequently allocated to a training and internal validation cohort with five-fold cross-validation (n = 152) and a temporally independent test cohort (n = 38). EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.