Preoperative echocardiography-based nomogram for postoperative cardiac complications in pancreatic cancer with vascular invasion

Table 1 Univariate and multivariate analysis of cardiac complications within 30 days postoperatively

Factors	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	χ2 value	P value	OR (95%CI)	Wald	P value
Age	0.530	0.467
Gender	0.755	0.385
BMI (kg/m2)	0.837	0.360
ASA grade (III/IV)	0.311	0.577
Smoking history	0.733	0.392
Diabetes history	1.090	0.296
Coronary heart disease history	0.444	0.505
Hypertension history	0.204	0.651
BNP (pg/mL)	19.409	0.000	1.038 (1.013-1.063)	9.397	0.002
cTn (ng/mL)	1.424	0.233
EDV (mL)	8.051	0.005	1.054 (0.969-1.146)	1.512	0.219
ESV (mL)	5.773	0.016	0.882 (0.709-1.096)	1.286	0.257
LVEF (%)	16.809	0.000	0.788 (0.609-1.019)	3.296	0.069
E/A ratio	0.520	0.471
Average E/e’ ratio	12.274	0.000	1.296 (1.044-1.610)	5.536	0.019
LAVI (mL/m2)	24.145	0.000	1.046 (1.017-1.076)	10.057	0.002
LVMI (g/m2)	1.016	0.439
TAPSE (mm)	1.460	0.227
S’ (cm/second)	0.117	0.732
Postoperative abdominal complications	0.270	0.603

All univariate-screened variables entered multivariate analysis; intermediate P values during stepwise elimination; only significant variables (P < 0.05) are displayed in the final model. Echocardiographic parameters were measured by two independent observers. Inter-observer agreement was excellent for all key parameters (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.88). OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiology; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; cTn: Cardiac tropin; EDV: End-diastolic volume; ESV: End-systolic volume; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LAVI: Left atrial volume index; LVMI: Left ventricular mass index; TAPSE: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.