Immunometabolic drivers of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in non-obese people living with human immunodeficiency virus

Table 5 Longitudinal changes in key metabolic, immunological, and hepatic parameters across three antiretroviral therapy regimens (mixed-effects model results), mean ± SD

Characteristics	Group	Baseline	Month 6	Month 12	P value for time effect	P value for group effect	P value for time × group effect
UAP, dB/m	INSTIs	237.6 ± 24.5 (n = 47)	238.4 ± 24.3 (n = 30)	236.1 ± 23.5 (n = 21)	0.8	0.087	0.583
	Switch	239.1 ± 24.4 (n = 19)	243.3 ± 19.0 (n = 15)	237.1 ± 20.6 (n = 15)
	Non-INSTIs	233.2 ± 24.0 (n = 49)	224.7 ± 27.1 (n = 24)	228.6 ± 28.8 (n = 28)
LSM, kPa	INSTIs	5.4 ± 1.4 (n = 47)	6.1 ± 3.2 (n = 30)	5.8 ± 0.9 (n = 21)	0.911	0.872	0.552
	Switch	6.0 ± 2.9 (n = 19)	6.4 ± 2.6 (n = 15)	6.2 ± 3.7 (n = 15)
	Non-INSTIs	5.3 ± 1.3 (n = 49)	5.4 ± 1.2 (n = 24)	5.5 ± 1.1 (n = 28)
ALT, U/L	INSTIs	24.9 ± 16.0 (n = 43)	26.1 ± 16.2 (n = 28)	31.4 ± 16.7 (n = 25)	0.587	0.19	0.999
	Switch	28.0 ± 15.7 (n = 17)	26.4 ± 12.8 (n = 16)	29.6 ± 24.5 (n = 12)
	Non-INSTIs	33.3 ± 26.5 (n = 43)	33.2 ± 28.7 (n = 30)	34.6 ± 26.9 (n = 22)
BMI, kg/m2	INSTIs	22.0 ± 2.3 (n = 47)	22.7 ± 2.2 (n = 30)	22.5 ± 2.3 (n = 21)	< 0.01	0.258	0.057
	Switch	22.0 ± 1.8 (n = 19)	22.7 ± 1.6 (n = 15)	23.1 ± 1.6 (n = 15)
	Non-INSTIs	21.6 ± 1.9 (n = 49)	22.0 ± 1.6 (n = 23)	22.2 ± 1.8 (n = 28)
HDL, mmol/L	INSTIs	1.5 ± 0.8 (n = 43)	1.6 ± 0.9 (n = 29)	1.5 ± 0.7 (n = 24)	0.323	< 0.01	0.979
	Switch	1.4 ± 0.6 (n = 17)	1.4 ± 0.6 (n = 17)	1.2 ± 0.2 (n = 10)
	Non-INSTIs	1.2 ± 0.3 (n = 42)	1.3 ± 0.6 (n = 31)	1.2 ± 0.3 (n = 24)
Glucose, mmol/L	INSTIs	5.2 ± 0.5 (n = 43)	5.3 ± 0.4 (n = 29)	5.0 ± 0.9 (n = 22)	0.056	< 0.05	0.357
	Switch	5.9 ± 2.0 (n = 17)	5.5 ± 0.5 (n = 17)	5.3 ± 0.3 (n = 9)
	Non-INSTIs	5.6 ± 1.3 (n = 43)	5.5 ± 0.4 (n = 31)	5.5 ± 0.3 (n = 19)
TyG index	INSTIs	7.1 ± 0.7 (n = 40)	7.4 ± 0.9 (n = 28)	6.9 ± 0.5 (n = 17)	< 0.05	0.572	0.057
	Switch	7.2 ± 0.9 (n = 15)	7.0 ± 0.4 (n = 16)	6.7 ± 0.3 (n = 8)
	Non-INSTIs	7.2 ± 0.6 (n = 42)	7.1 ± 0.4 (n = 25)	7.1 ± 0.6 (n = 14)
CD4/CD8 ratio	INSTIs	0.8 ± 0.4 (n = 43)	0.8 ± 0.4 (n = 29)	0.8 ± 0.4 (n = 25)	0.324	0.452	0.322
	Switch	1.0 ± 0.5 (n = 17)	1.0 ± 0.5 (n = 16)	0.9 ± 0.4 (n = 12)
	Non-INSTIs	0.9 ± 0.4 (n = 44)	0.8 ± 0.3 (n = 29)	0.9 ± 0.4 (n = 22)
CD4 cell count, cells/μL	INSTIs	522.7 ± 204.6 (n = 42)	570.9 ± 188.2 (n = 29)	524.8 ± 180.2 (n = 27)	0.381	0.101	0.81
	Switch	647.9 ± 241.0 (n = 17)	656.7 ± 262.7 (n = 16)	613.5 ± 224.2 (n = 13)
	Non-INSTIs	533.9 ± 224.4 (n = 44)	534.7 ± 226.9 (n = 29)	487.5 ± 229.5 (n = 24)

Number of patients with non-missing data at each time point. UAP: Ultrasound attenuation parameter; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose; CD: Cluster of differentiation; INSTIs: Integrase strand transfer inhibitors-based regime group; Switch: Switching-to-integrase strand transfer inhibitors-based regime groups; Non-INSTIs: Non-integrase strand transfer inhibitors-based regime group.