Immunometabolic drivers of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in non-obese people living with human immunodeficiency virus

doi:10.3748/wjg.120036

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Nov 7, 2026; 32(41): 120036
Published online Nov 7, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.120036

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the total population, mean ± SD/n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Variables	Total (n = 181)	Non-MASLD (n = 97)	MASLD (n = 84)	P value
Age, years	40 (35-48)	39 (34-46)	41 (36-52)	< 0.05
Gender				0.57
Male	172 (95.0)	93 (95.9)	79 (94.1)
Female	9 (5.0)	4 (4.1)	5 (6.0)
Weight, kg	72.9 ± 12.6	65.5 ± 8.9	81.5 ± 10.6	< 0.001
BMI, kg/m²	24.0 ± 3.6	21.7 ± 2.1	26.7 ± 3.1	< 0.001
ALT, U/L	25.0 (17.8-34.0)	21.5 (16.0-30.0)	28.0 (21.0-41.8)	< 0.001
Glucose, mmol/L	5.3 (5.0-5.7)	5.2 (5.0-5.5)	5.5 (5.1-5.9)	< 0.01
UA, μmol/L	366.5 ± 90.9	350.8 ± 83.6	384.2 ± 95.9	< 0.05
LDL, mmol/L	2.9 ± 0.7	2.8 ± 0.7	2.9 ± 0.7	0.57
HDL, mmol/L	1.2 (1.0-1.4)	1.3 (1.2-1.5)	1.1 (0.9-1.2)	< 0.001
TG, mmol/L	1.4 (1.0-2.2)	1.2 (0.9-1.9)	1.5 (1.1-2.8)	< 0.01
TC, mmol/L	4.7 (4.0-5.4)	4.6 (4.0-5.3)	4.9 (4.0-5.7)	0.16
TyG index	7.1 (6.8-7.7)	7.0 (6.6-7.5)	7.3 (6.9-7.8)	< 0.01
TC/HDL	4.0 (3.4-4.8)	3.6 (2.9-4.2)	4.5 (3.6-5.2)	< 0.001
UAP, dB/m	253.6 (226.4-272.1)	227.1 (216.1-240.2)	276.1 (262.5-291.1)	< 0.001
LSM, kPa	5.4 (4.61-6.6)	5.1 (4.4-5.9)	5.9 (5.0-7.1)	< 0.001
Duration, months	63.2 (48.7-93.2)	69.3 (50.4-93.5)	60.8 (48.6-95.1)	0.72
Initial HVL, copies/mL	50149.0 (22723.0-185078.5)	50149.0 (23000.0-175952.0)	49541.5 (22418.3-222100.3)	0.91
Initial CD4 cell count, cells/μL	276.1 ± 177.7	262.5 ± 174.5	292.2 ± 181.2	0.28
CD4 cell count, cells/μL	562.0 (399.5-677.0)	562.0 (378.0-694.0)	568.0 (439.3-665.0)	0.43
CD4 cell count ≥ 300 cells/μL				< 0.05
No	53 (29.3)	35 (36.1)	18 (21.4)
Yes	128 (70.7)	62 (63.9)	66 (78.7)
CD4/CD8 ratio	0.8 (0.6-1.1)	0.7 (0.5-1.1)	0.8 (0.6-1.1)	0.30
Group				0.26
INSTIs	76 (42.0)	42 (43.3)	34 (40.5)
Switch	32 (17.8)	13 (13.4)	19 (22.6)
Non-INSTIs	73 (40.3)	42 (43.3)	31 (36.9)
Drinking				0.86
No	175 (96.7)	94 (96.9)	81 (96.4)
Yes	6 (3.3)	3 (3.1)	3 (3.6)
Smoking				0.48
No	178 (98.3)	96 (99.0)	82 (97.6)
Yes	3 (1.7)	1 (1.0)	2 (2.4)
Hypertension				0.82
No	154 (85.1)	89 (91.8)	65 (77.4)
Yes	27 (14.9)	8 (8.3)	19 (22.6)
Diabetes				< 0.01
No	173 (95.6)	95 (97.9)	78 (92.9)
Yes	8 (4.4)	2 (2.1)	6 (7.1)
Lipid lowering drug				0.05
No	171 (94.5)	92 (94.9)	79 (94.1)
Yes	10 (5.5)	5 (5.2)	5 (6.0)
Antihypertensive drug				0.86
No	158 (87.3)	92 (94.9)	66 (78.6)
Yes	23 (12.7)	5 (5.2)	18 (21.4)
Hypoglycemic drug				0.48
No	172 (95.0)	95 (97.9)	77 (91.7)
Yes	9 (5.0)	2 (2.1)	7 (8.3)

Due to rounding, percentages may not add up to 100%. MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; BMI: Body mass index; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; UA: Uric acid; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose; CD: Cluster of differentiation; UAP: Ultrasound attenuation parameter; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement; HVL: Human immunodeficiency virus viral load; INSTIs: Integrase strand transfer inhibitors-based regime group; Switch: Switching-to-integrase strand transfer inhibitors-based regime groups; Non-INSTIs: Non-integrase strand transfer inhibitors-based regime group.

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Citation: Ji F, Zhang LF, Gui Y, Qi ZH, Han Y, Su N, Zhang Q, Li YL, Zhao W, Lyu W, Yang M. Immunometabolic drivers of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in non-obese people living with human immunodeficiency virus. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(41): 120036
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i41/120036.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.120036

Ji F, Zhang LF, Gui Y, Qi ZH, Han Y, Su N, Zhang Q, Li YL, Zhao W, Lyu W, Yang M. Immunometabolic drivers of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in non-obese people living with human immunodeficiency virus. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(41): 120036 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.120036]

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