Dual effects of a high-protein diet on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Basic research on precision clinical interventions

Table 1 Summary of plant protein sources, study characteristics, bioactive compounds, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-related outcomes

Plant protein source	Study type	Intervention period	Key bioactive compounds	MASLD-related outcomes
Soy protein	Human RCT	8-12 weeks	Isoflavones, saponins	Hepatic fat↓, ALT↓, LDL-cholesterol↓[60]
Lupine protein	Animal model	12 weeks	Lupine peptides, alkaloids, fiber	Abdominal adiposity↓, Hepatic steatosis↓, Inflammation↓[17]
Pea protein	Human crossover trial	4 weeks	Legume peptides, saponins, resistant starch	Postprandial glucose↓, Satiety↑, Total cholesterol↓[61]
Chickpea protein	Animal model	8 weeks	Bioactive peptides, polyphenols, fiber	Hepatic triglyceride accumulation↓, Antioxidant enzymes↑[62]
Mixed plant proteins	Human RCT	16 weeks	Various isoflavones, peptides, fiber	Liver stiffness↓, Inflammatory markers↓[63]

MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; RCT: Randomized controlled trial.