Interleukin-33/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 signaling in gastric injury: From mechanistic validation to spatiotemporal precision

Table 2 Current advances in molecular imaging of the interleukin-33/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 signaling pathway

Target	Imaging	Label	Research	Disease	Year	Notes	Ref.
IL-33	NA	NA	Preclinical	Acute and chronic viral infection	2021	Although the GFP reporter gene was employed, no in vivo imaging was performed; only traditional fluorescence microscopy was utilized	Aparicio-Domingo et al[55]
ST2	NA	BODIPY	Preclinical	NA	2024	An IL-33 analog was conjugated to a fluorescent dye to bind to ST2. This was only performed at the cellular level without in vivo imaging; attempts at in vivo fluorescence imaging could be pursued	Reese et al[56]
ST2 L	NA	Luciferase reporter gene	Preclinical	Th2-mediated diseases	2001	Autofluorescence imaging is feasible, but the study did not perform in vivo imaging and only conducted ex vivo validation	Carter et al[57]
mTNF	Fluorescence imaging	FITC	Clinical	Crohn’s disease	2014	Detecting TNF to Predict Treatment Response in Crohn’s disease	Atreya et al[58]
CD11b	PET	NA	Preclinical	Gastric cancer	2022	In vivo real-time PET imaging of CD11b	Zhang et al[59]
VEGFR3	Fluorescence imaging	Cy5.5; IRdye800	Preclinical	Cancer lymphatic metastasis	2024	In vivo fluorescence imaging of VEGFR3	Shen et al[60]
caspase-3	MRI	NA	Preclinical	apoptosis-related diseases	2023	Lack of in vivo imaging in animal disease models	Xu et al[61]
MyD88	NA	eGFP, DsRed2	Preclinical	Bacterial Infection	2009	Achieved only at the cellular/lineage level	Hall et al[62]
AP-1	Fluorescence imaging	Luciferase reporter gene	Preclinical	Solar UV-induced inflammatory skin damage	2023	AP-1 is fused to the luciferase gene. The intensity of the fluorescence signal reflects AP-1 transcriptional activity	Snell et al[63]
Neutrophil elastase	Fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging	Hemi-cyanine	Preclinical	Lung cancer	2022	Excitation fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging of human neutrophil elastase	Zhang et al[64]
STAT1	NA	GFP, RFP, luciferase reporter gene	Preclinical	Not a specific disease	2013	Achieved only at the cellular level, with potential for in vivo imaging	Samsonov et al[65]
Caspase-1	NA	TPETH	Preclinical	Inflammation-related diseases	2018	Failure to perform in vivo fluorescence imaging on animals	Lin et al[66]
Caspase-1	NA	Luciferase reporter gene	Preclinical	DSS-induced colitis and secondary neuroinflammation	2021	Fluorescence imaging was performed on excised tissue; no in vivo imaging was conducted	Talley et al[67]
IL-13	NA	eGFP	Preclinical	Allergic airwayinflammation	2016	It is believed that IL-33 regulates IL-13 production via ST2. The study primarily performed fluorescent detection of IL-13 in tissue sections, without conducting in vivo dynamic imaging	Piehler et al[68]
Caspase-3/7	NA	Luciferase reporter gene	Preclinical	Cancer	2018	Data from live imaging not displayed	Pal et al[69]

IL: Interleukin; ST2: Suppression of tumorigenicity 2; ST2 L: Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 ligand; CD11b: Cluster of differentiation 11b; VEGFR3: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3; caspase-3: Cysteine-aspartic protease-3; MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response 88; AP-1: Activator protein 1; STAT1: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; caspase-1: Cysteine-aspartic protease-1; caspase-7: Cysteine-asparticprotease-7; PET: Positron emission tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; NA: Not available; GFP: Green fluorescent protein; RFP: Red fluorescent protein.