Interleukin-33/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 signaling in gastric injury: From mechanistic validation to spatiotemporal precision

Table 1 Function of the interleukin-33/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 signaling pathway in different cell types

Cell type	Key molecules	Function
Mast cell	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-13, VEGF	Amplification of inflammation, vascular responses, and tissue remodeling; increased cell adhesion and immune cell crosstalk
Th2 cell	IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13	IL-33 exerts a chemotactic effect on Th2 cells; it promotes the polarization of naive T cells toward the Th2 pathway
Treg cell	FoxP3, ST2	IL-33/ST2 axis promotes Treg expansion; suppresses IL-17 and IFN-γ production
Eosinophil	IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, GM-CSF	Dual involvement in pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions
ILC2	IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13	Central amplifier of Type 2 immune responses
Dendritic cell	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CD80, CD86	IL-33 promotes the polarization of naïve T cells toward Th2 cells by activating dendritic cells
Fibroblast	ERK, p38 MAPK	IL-33 activates fibroblasts (ERK/p38 MAPK–dependent) to produce chemokines and promote eosinophil infiltration
B cell	IL-4R	IL-33 activates B cells during delayed-type hypersensitivity and increases IL-4R+ B cells, facilitating IgE production
Macrophage	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, VEGF, MMP9	IL-33-induced STAT1 signaling correlates with IFN-γ output

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL: Interleukin; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; FoxP3: Forkhead box P3; ST2: Suppression of tumorigenicity 2; IFN-γ: Interferon gamma; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; CD80: Cluster of differentiation 80; CD86: Cluster of differentiation 86; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; p38 MAPK: P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; IL-4R: Interleukin-4 receptor; MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase-9; STAT1: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1.