Allyl isothiocyanate ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease via vitamin D receptors in hepatocytes

Figure 5 Activating vitamin D receptors promotes the ability of allyl isothiocyanate to alleviate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease through the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha/microsomal triglyceride transfer protein/apolipoprotein B signaling pathway. AML-12 cells were treated with 600 nM vitamin D for 24 hours. A: The messenger RNA level of the vitamin D receptor was detected in AML-12 cells after vitamin D stimulation (n = 4/group); B: Intracellular triglyceride content in AML-12 cells was detected (n = 3/group); C: Oil red O staining of the vitamin D-stimulated in vitro metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease model; D: The protein expressions of lipogenesis-related genes, including sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, were detected via Western blotting; E: The protein expressions of fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α, were detected via Western blotting; F: The protein expressions of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and apolipoprotein B were determined by Western blot analysis. The scale bar in the panel represents 50 μm. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. ^aP < 0.05. ^bP < 0.01. P calculated between groups. VDR: Vitamin D receptor; VD: Vitamin D; mRNA: Messenger RNA; TG: Triglyceride; PA: Palmitate acid; AITC: Allyl isothiocyanate; FAS: Fatty acid synthase; ACC1: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1; SREBP1: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PGC-1α: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α; HNF-4α: Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha; MTTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; ApoB: Apolipoprotein B.