Allyl isothiocyanate ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease via vitamin D receptors in hepatocytes

Figure 2 Allyl isothiocyanate ameliorates hepatosteatosis by modulating lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in an in vitro metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease model. AML-12 cells were treated with 20 μmol/L allyl isothiocyanate or vehicle for 24 hours to stimulate palmitate acid. A: Intracellular triglyceride content in AML-12 cells (n = 3/group); B: Representative image of oil red O staining of AML-12 cells in the two groups; C: The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP1), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) were detected (n = 4/group); D: The protein expressions of SCD1, SREBP1, and ACC1 were determined by Western blot analysis; E: The mRNA levels of the fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 alpha (CPT1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) were detected (n = 4/group); F: The protein expressions of CPT1α and PPARα were determined by Western blot analysis; G: The protein expression of the insulin resistance-related gene phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase was determined by Western blot analysis. The scale bar in the panel represents 50 μm. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. ^aP < 0.05. ^bP < 0.01. ^cP < 0.001. P calculated between groups. TG: Triglyceride; PA: Palmitate acid; AITC: Allyl isothiocyanate; ACC1: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1; mRNA: Messenger RNA; SCD1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1; SREBP1: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; CPT1α: Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 alpha; FA: Fatty acid; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.