Comparative efficacy and pharmacological heterogeneity of individual potassium-competitive acid blockers: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Table 5 GRADE summary of findings (by outcome)

Outcome	Number of studies	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Publication bias	Effect estimate	Certainty
H. pylori eradication (P-CAB vs PPI)	30 RCTs (32 arms)[3,18-46]	Not serious1	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	Undetected	OR = 1.49 (95%CI: 1.27-1.74)	High
EE healing 8-week (P-CAB vs PPI)	10 RCTs[47-56]	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	Serious2	Undetected	OR = 1.47 (95%CI: 1.03-2.09)	Moderate

¹Possible concerns due to open-label design in some Helicobacter pylori randomized controlled trials; however, not downgraded because outcome assessment (urea breath test) is objective and unlikely influenced by lack of blinding.

²Downgraded one level: Some individual potassium-competitive acid blockers (zastaprazan, keverprazan) had only 1 randomized controlled trial each with wide confidence intervals.

P-CAB: Potassium-competitive acid blocker; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; EE: Erosive esophagitis; OR: Odds ratio; RCTs: Randomized controlled trials; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.