Gut microbial metabolites as key mediators in inflammatory bowel disease

Figure 8 Biological activity of 2-hydroxybutyric acid in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease on Caco-2 cell model. A: Viability of Caco-2 cells treated with 2-hydroxybutyric acid together with 3% dextran sulfate sodium; B: Apparent permeability coefficient (P_app) for monolayer permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran; C: Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 and tight junction protein ZO-1; D: Interleukin-8 content in culture medium. Values are shown as medians and interquartile range (from min to max). All assays were performed in three independent experiments, each of which consisted of 5-11 biological replicates per group. ^aP < 0.05 vs the control, Mann-Whitney U test. DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; P_app: apparent permeability coefficient; 2-HB: 2-hydroxybutyric acid; IL-8: Interleukin-8.