Gut microbial metabolites as key mediators in inflammatory bowel disease

Figure 3 Effect of metabolites with 10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharides on the barrier integrity and inflammation in the Caco-2 cells. A: Apparent permeability coefficient (P_app) for monolayer permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran; B: Interleukin-8 content in culture medium; C: Gene expression of tight junction proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Values are shown as medians and interquartile range (from min to max). All assays were performed in three independent experiments, each with 4-9 biological replicates per group. ^aP < 0.05 vs the control (10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharides), ^bP < 0.01 vs the control (10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharides), ^cP < 0.05 vs lipopolysaccharides + combination of butyric, propionic, and valeric acids group, ^dP < 0.01 vs lipopolysaccharides + combination of butyric, propionic, and valeric acids group, Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s test, corrected with Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. P_app: Apparent permeability coefficient; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; But: Butyric acid; Prop: Propionic acid; Val: Valeric acid; BPV: Combination of butyric, propionic, and valeric acids; IL-8: Interleukin-8; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.