Gut microbial metabolites as key mediators in inflammatory bowel disease

Figure 1 Viability of Caco-2 cells (% of control). A: Caco-2 cells treated with various concentrations (0-10 mmol/L) of metabolites; B: Caco-2 cells treated with different concentrations (0-7%) of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS); C: Caco-2 cells treated with metabolites together with 3% DSS, 3% DSS considered as 100% cell viability. Values are shown as medians and interquartile range (from min to max). All assays were performed in four independent experiments, each consisting of 5-10 biological replicates per group. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs the control, and ^cP < 0.05 vs cells treated with butyric, propionic, and valeric acids combination, Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s test, corrected with Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; But: Butyric acid; Prop: Propionic acid; Val: Valeric acid; BPV: Combination of butyric, propionic, and valeric acids.