Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles ameliorate colitis by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress

Figure 9 Portulaca oleracea L. -derived exosome-like nanoparticles regulate gut metabolites in dextran sulfate sodium-induced fecal microbiota transplantation colitis mice. A: Principal component analysis; B: Partial least squares-discriminant analysis; C: Volcano plot of differential metabolites; D: Bubble chart of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis for differential metabolite sets in the gut of fecal microbiota transplantation mice; E: Correlation analysis between gut microbiota and ulcerative colitis (UC)-related indicators; F: Correlation analysis between metabolites and UC-related indicators; G: Correlation analysis between gut microbiota and metabolites. The X-axis represents the enrichment ratio of differential metabolites, and the Y-axis corresponds to KEGG pathway categories. The bubble diameter is proportional to the number of differential metabolites in the pathway, and the bubble color reflects the significance level of enrichment (P value). ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation; PELNs: Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles; PCA: Principal component analysis; PLS-DA: Partial least squares-discriminant analysis.