Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles ameliorate colitis by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress

Figure 8 Portulaca oleracea L. -derived exosome-like nanoparticles regulate the gut microbiota in dextran sulfate sodium-induced fecal microbiota transplantation colitis mice. A: Alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) mice assessed by the Ace index; B: Alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in FMT mice assessed by the Shannon index; C: Principal coordinate analysis; D: Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling; E: Differential analysis of the Gut Microbiome Health Index (e1 and e2), analysis of the microbiota dysbiosis index (e3 and e4); F: Heatmap of community composition at the genus level; G: Bar plot showing community composition at the phylum and genus levels for each group; H: Comparison of community differences at the phylum and genus levels; I: Linear discriminant analysis effect size for discriminating multi-level species differences. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 (A, B, and G: Statistical method: Kruskal-Wallis test with FDR correction; post-hoc test: Dunn's test. E: Statistical method: Wilcoxon test with multiple correction). OTU: Perational taxonomic unit; PCoA: Principal coordinate analysis; DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation; PELNs: Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles; NMDS: Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling; LEfSe: Linear discriminant analysis effect size.