Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles ameliorate colitis by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress

Figure 7 Portulaca oleracea L. -derived exosome-like nanoparticles regulated inflammatory cytokine, reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and restoring tight junctions in fecal microbiota transplantation mice. A: The expression of interleukin (IL)-28, IL-18, IL-36, myeloperoxidase, IL-37, and IL-10 in colon tissues; B: Immunoblot bands of ZO-1, PERK, phosphorylated PERK, Bip, Occludin, ATF4, eIF2α, phosphorylated eIF2α, Claudin-4, and Claudin-2 in colon tissues; C: Statistical graphs of relative protein expression levels; D: QPCR analysis of the relative gene expression levels of ZO-1, Occludin, ATF4, Claudin-4, Bip, eIF2α, Claudin-2 and PERK in colon tissues. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, ^dP < 0.0001. DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation; PELNs: Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles; IL: Interleukin; p-PERK: Phosphorylated PERK; p-eIF2α: Phosphorylated eIF2α.