Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles ameliorate colitis by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress

Figure 6 Portulaca oleracea L. -derived exosome-like nanoparticles alleviate colitis in fecal microbiota transplantation mice. A: Schematic diagram of the experimental timeline; B: Body weight changes of mice; C: Disease activity index scores; D: Colon length; E: Fecal occult blood test results on day 24; F: Body weight on day 24; G: Colon length on day 24; H: Hematoxylin & eosin staining (× 50, × 100); I: Ultrastructure of tight junctions and endoplasmic reticulum in intestinal epithelial cells observed by transmission electron microscopy (× 6000, × 8200); J: Representative immunofluorescence images of Bip (red), ZO-1 (green), and DAPI (blue) in mouse colon tissues (× 200); K: Quantitative analysis of the relative fluorescence intensity of Bip and ZO-1 in mouse colon tissues. ^aP < 0.05, ^cP < 0.001, ^dP < 0.0001. NS: Not significant; DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation; PELNs: Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles.