Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles ameliorate colitis by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress

Figure 5 Portulaca oleracea L. -derived exosome-like nanoparticles regulate gut metabolites in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice. A: Principal component analysis; B: Partial least squares-discriminant analysis; C: Volcano plot of differential metabolites; D: Bubble chart of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis for differential metabolite sets in mouse gut; E: Correlation analysis between gut microbiota and ulcerative colitis (UC)-related indicators; F: Correlation analysis between metabolites and UC-related indicators; G: Correlation analysis between gut microbiota and metabolites. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; PELNs: Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles; 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid; PCA: Principal component analysis; PLS-DA: Partial least squares-discriminant analysis.