Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles ameliorate colitis by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress

Figure 4 Portulaca oleracea L. -derived exosome-like nanoparticles regulate the gut microbiota in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice. A: Alpha diversity of mouse gut microbiota assessed by the Ace index; B: Alpha diversity of mouse gut microbiota assessed by the Chao index; C: Principal coordinate analysis; D: Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling; E: Differential analysis of the Gut Microbiome Health Index (e1-e3); E: Analysis of the microbiota dysbiosis index (e4-e6); F: Bar plot showing community composition at the phylum and genus levels for each group; G: Comparison of community differences at the phylum and genus levels; H: Linear discriminant analysis effect size for discriminating multi-level species differences. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 (A, B, and G: Statistical method: Kruskal-Wallis test with FDR correction; post-hoc test: Dunn's test. E: Statistical method: Wilcoxon test with multiple correction). DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; PELNs: Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles; 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid; OTU: Perational taxonomic unit; PCoA: Principal coordinate analysis; LEfSe: Linear discriminant analysis effect size; NMDS: Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling.