Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles ameliorate colitis by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress

Figure 3 Portulaca oleracea L. -derived exosome-like nanoparticles regulated inflammatory cytokine, reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and restoring tight junctions in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice. A: The expression of interleukin (IL)-28, IL-18, IL-36, myeloperoxidase, IL-37, and IL-10 in colon tissues; B: Immunoblot bands of ZO-1, PERK, phosphorylated PERK, Bip, Occludin, ATF4, eIF2α, phosphorylated eIF2α, Claudin-4, and Claudin-2 in colon tissues; C: Statistical graphs of relative protein expression levels; D: QPCR analysis of the relative gene expression levels of PERK, eIF2α, ATF4, Bip, Claudin-2, Claudin-4, ZO-1and Occludin in colon tissues. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, ^dP < 0.0001. NS: Not significant; DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; PELNs: Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles; 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid; IL: Interleukin; p-PERK: Phosphorylated PERK; p-eIF2α: Phosphorylated eIF2α.