Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles ameliorate colitis by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress

Figure 2 Portulaca oleracea L. -derived exosome-like nanoparticles alleviate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. A: Schematic diagram of the experimental timeline; B: Body weight changes of mice throughout the experiment; C: Disease activity index scores of mice; D: Representative images and measurement of colon lengths; E: Fecal occult blood test results on day 13; F: Body weight of mice on day 13; G: Colon length of mice on day 13; H: Hematoxylin & eosin staining (× 50, × 100); I: Transmission electron microscopy observation of the ultrastructure of tight junctions and endoplasmic reticulum in intestinal epithelial cells (× 6000, × 8200); J: Representative immunofluorescence images showing Bip (red), ZO-1 (green), and DAPI (blue) staining in mouse colon tissues (× 200); K: Quantitative analysis of the relative fluorescence intensity of Bip and ZO-1 in mouse colon tissues. ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, ^dP < 0.0001. NS: Not significant; DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; PELNs: Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles; 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid.