Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles ameliorate colitis by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress

Figure 1 Preparation, identification, and characterization of Portulaca oleracea L. -derived exosome-like nanoparticles. A: Schematic workflow for the isolation and purification of Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticle (PELNs); B: Representative transmission electron microscopy image showing the morphology of PELNs (scale bar: 100 nm); C: Particle size distribution of PELNs as determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis; D: Total ion chromatogram (TIC) of PELNs obtained in positive ionization mode using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS); E: TIC of PELNs obtained in negative ionization mode using UHPLC-QE-MS.