Evaluating large language models in Helicobacter pylori-related question answering: From knowledge tests to patient queries

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of phase 3 participants, n (%)

Characteristic		ChatGPT5 (n = 20)	DeepSeek (n = 20)	Overall (n = 40)	P value
Age (years), mean ± SD		40.4 ± 9.8	40.8 ± 10.1	40.6 ± 9.8	0.899
Sex					1.000
	Male	9 (45.0)	9 (45.0)	18 (45.0)
	Female	11 (55.0)	11 (55.0)	22 (55.0)
Education level					0.805
	Junior high school or below	1 (5.0)	2 (10.0)	3 (7.5)
	Senior high school/vocational high school	8 (40.0)	9 (45.0)	17 (42.5)
	College or above	11 (55.0)	9 (45.0)	20 (50.0)

P values were calculated using an independent-samples t test for age, Fisher’s exact test for sex (2 × 2), and Fisher’s exact test for education level (2 × 3). All tests were two-sided, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.