Nanotechnology for drug delivery systems in colorectal cancer: Recent developments and future prospects

Figure 3 Nanodrug-mediated synergy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and immunosenescence targeting. Nanocarriers-mediated delivery of immune checkpoint inhibitors and immunosenescence modulators (Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists) to reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. TCR: T cell receptor; MHCI: Class I major histocompatibility complex; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1/2: Programmed death ligand-1/2; TLR7/8: Toll-like receptor 7/8; MyD88: Myeloid differentiation factor 88; IRAK: Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; IRF3/7: Interferon regulatory factor 3/7; DCs: Dendritic cells; Treg: Regulatory T cell; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; TAM: Tumor-associated macrophage; NK: Natural killer; TME: Tumor microenvironment.