Association between Clostridioides difficile colonization and inflammatory bowel disease activity in outpatients with remission

Table 1 Basal characteristics of 101 participants with inflammatory bowel disease, n (%)/median (interquartile ranges)

Variable
Female	60 (59.4)
Age in years	49 (35-59)
Residency
Mexico City	45 (44.6)
State of Mexico	17 (16.8)
State of Hidalgo	10 (9.9)
Education level
Illiterate	1 (1.0)
Basic1	31 (30.7)
Intermediate2	22 (21.8)
Higher3	47 (46.5)
Smoking index	0 (0-0.75)
Previous CDI	9/98 (9.2)
Previous hospitalization4	9 (8.9)
Previous healthcare utilization4	23 (22.8)
Previous antibiotic use4	34/99 (34.3)
Previous statin use4	12 (11.9)
Proton pump inhibitor use4	39 (38.6)
Previous bowel surgery	31 (30.7)
Age at diagnosis of IBD in years	35 (26-50)
Disease duration at inclusion in years	9 (4-16)
Type of IBD
Ulcerative colitis	78 (77.2)
Crohn’s disease	22 (21.8)
Indeterminate colitis	1 (1.0)
Extent of ulcerative colitis, n = 78
Proctitis	11 (10.9)
Left-sided colitis	19 (18.8)
Pancolitis	48 (47.5)
Days without IBD activity before follow-up	936 (238-1088)
Severity of last flare-up
Mild	23/60 (38.3)
Moderate	32/60 (53.3)
Severe (uncomplicated)	5/60 (8.4)
Treatment at baseline (not mutually exclusive)
Sulfasalazine or mesalamine	73/99 (73.7)
Corticosteroids	34/99 (34.3)
Azathioprine	32/99 (32.3)
Infliximab	3/99 (3.0)
Methotrexate	2/99 (2.0)
Laboratory parameters at baseline
Hb in g/L	145 (127-153)
Platelet count as × 103/μL	275 (232-344)
Leukocyte count as × 103/μL	6.7 (5.2-8.5)
Lymphocyte count as × 103/μL	1.7 (1.2-2.7)
Serum creatinine in mg/L	8 (6-9)
Blood urea nitrogen in mg/L	144 (116-177)
C-reactive protein in mg/L	4 (3-9)
Fecal calprotectin in pg/g	278 (77.5-660)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in mm/hour	8 (4-15)
Baseline CDC frequency	14/101 (13.9)
Baseline CDI frequency	2/101 (2.0)

¹Kindergarten, elementary school, and middle school.

²High school and technical studies.

³College and postgraduate studies.

⁴Within the last 3 months.

CDC: Clostridioides difficile colonization; CDI: Clostridioides difficile infection; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; Hb: Hemoglobin.