Lactation stage-dependent protective effects of human milk exosomes against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via lactoferrin/lysozyme-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways

Figure 6 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway is required for the protective effects of colostrum exosomes. A: Cell viability under different concentrations of ML385; B: Western blot analysis of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 expression; C: Cell viability assessed by CCK-8; D: Apoptosis rates measured by flow cytometry; E: Reactive oxygen species levels; F: Malondialdehyde content; G: Superoxide dismutase activity; H: Glutathione levels; I: Western blot analysis of zonula occludens-1 and occludin. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. NS: Not significant; H/R: Hypoxia/reoxygenation; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MDA: Malondialdehyde; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GSH: Glutathione; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.