Lactation stage-dependent protective effects of human milk exosomes against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via lactoferrin/lysozyme-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways

Figure 5 Differential expression of lactoferrin and lysozyme in stage-specific exosomes and their regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 and nuclear factor kappa B pathways. A: Western blot analysis of lactoferrin and lysozyme in Col-Exo, Tra-Exo, and Mat-Exo; B: Protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1; C: Phosphorylation level of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (p-p65/t-p65); D and E: Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in cell supernatants. ^aP < 0.05. ^bP < 0.01. ^cP < 0.001. NS: Not significant; LTF: Lactoferrin; LYZ: Lysozyme; H/R: Hypoxia/reoxygenation; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β.