Lactation stage-dependent protective effects of human milk exosomes against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via lactoferrin/lysozyme-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways

Figure 4 Effects of human milk exosomes on inflammation, oxidative stress, and tight junction proteins in ischemia-reperfusion rats. A: Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-10 in serum; B: Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 in intestinal tissues; C: Levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione in serum; D: Levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione in intestinal tissues; E: Western blot analysis of zonula occludens-1 and Occludin expression in intestinal tissues. ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin; I/R: Ischemia-reperfusion; MDA: Malondialdehyde; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GSH: Glutathione; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.